Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the Coffea arabica Lineu (L.) leaf extract and its effects on platelet aggregation of dyslipidemic rats. The extract was obtained by the percolation of C. arabica L. leaves in hydroethanolic solution 70% (v/v). The mass spectrometry FIA-ESI-MS² suggested the presence of chlorogenic acid, rutin acid, and quinic acid. The DPPH• radicals scavenging capacity was demonstrated (IC50 = 0.06 mg/mL). The extract was administered to rats by gavage (300 mg/kg/day) for 56 days. Dyslipidemia was induced by administering Triton WR-1339 (300 mg/kg body weight) on the 54th day. On day 56, blood was collected by puncturing the abdominal aorta artery and the aortic artery was removed. Lipid profile, markers of renal and hepatic injury, lipid peroxidation, and platelet aggregation tests were carried out. The ingestion of extract reduced the lipid peroxidation (aorta and plasma) and platelet aggregation in dyslipidemic rats. The extract did not affect markers of renal and hepatic function as analyzed in this study, suggesting neither impaired liver nor kidney function in these animals. Therefore, our results demonstrate that the extract of leaves of C. arabica L. show antioxidant potential in vitro and in vivo as well as anti-platelet aggregation in dyslipidemic animals.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of extracts of Passiflora edulis Sims leaves on the oxidative metabolism of rat peritoneal neutrophils using a model of acute inflammation. The extract was obtained by maceration in 70% ethanol, evaporation under reduced pressure and lyophilisation. Total phenolic content (TP) was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. The P. edulis extract, in different doses, was administered by gavage 1 h prior to inflammation induction by carrageenan (8 mg/kg, i.p.); five hours later, the neutrophils were obtained by intraperitoneal lavage. The tests performed in neutrophils were cytochrome C and chemiluminescence assay as well as myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities. The administration of the extract reduced the number of neutrophils recruited to the site of inflammation; however, the extract did not alter the activity of NADPH oxidase as well as SOD activity in these cells. The MPO and CAT activities in peritoneal neutrophils of rat treated with extract was lower than in the control group, and the GPx activity was increased. Based on the experimental model utilised, the anti-inflammatory potential of P. edulis leaf extract could be related to the presence of phenolic compounds in the extract.

resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do extrato etanólico de folhas de Passiflora edulis sobre os níveis de glicose sanguínea, glicação protéica, produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) e capacidade fagocítica de macrófagos de ratos diabéticos. As folhas de Passiflora edulis Sims foram secas a 40 °C, trituradas e o extrato preparado por maceração em solução hidroetanólica 70% (v/v) etanol foi evaporado sob pressão reduzida e liofilizado. Os testes químicos realizados demonstraram que além da presença de compostos fenólicos, determinada pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteu, o extrato apresentou potencial sequestrante de radicais DPPH e redutor de ferro. Nos animais diabéticos foi observado aumento na glicação protéica, avaliada pela concentração de frutosaminas e de produtos de glicação avançada (AGE), e redução na produção de ERO por macrófagos frente à Candida albicans, quando comparados ao grupo controle. O tratamento dos animais diabéticos com o extrato reduziu as concentrações de frutosaminas e manteve a produção de ERO em níveis semelhantes aos observados no grupo controle. Nossos resultados sugerem que o extrato etanólico de folhas de Passiflora edulis Sims pode apresentar efeitos benéficos sobre o diabetes e melhorar o controle glicêmico em ratos diabéticos.

abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the ethanolic extract of Passiflora edulis leaves on blood glucose, protein glycation, NADPH oxidase activity and macrophage phagocytic capacity after Candida albicans exposure in diabetic rats. The Passiflora edulis Sims leaves were dried to 40°C, powdered, extracted by maceration in 70% ethanol, evaporated under reduced pressure and lyophilised. The biochemical tests performed were total phenolic content (TP) as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, trapping potential DPPH assay and total iron-reducing potential. Diabetes was induced by alloxan injection. Protein glycation was determined by AGE and fructosamine serum concentrations. Extract-treated diabetic animals demonstrated lower fructosamine concentrations compared with the diabetic group. Our results suggest that ethanolic Passiflora edulis Sims leaf extraction may have beneficial effects on diabetes and may improve glycaemic control in diabetic rats.

Conduziu-se este trabalho, com a proposta de avaliar o potencial antioxidante de dois padrões da bebida do café (rio e mole), verdes e torrados, utilizando modelos in vitro. Foram determinados o teor de fenólicos totais, ácido clorogênico (ácido 5-cafeoilquínico) e cafeína das bebidas. A avaliação in vitro do potencial antioxidante foi investigada pelos métodos de captação do radical DPPH e pelo poder redutor de metais. Os dois padrões de bebida do café analisados não apresentaram diferenças quanto aos parâmetros cor, ácido clorogênico e cafeína. Observou-se que houve redução nos valores de ácido clorogênico à medida que os grãos foram torrados. O café verde bebida rio apresentou maior teor de fenólicos totais que o café bebida mole. Nos grãos torrados não foi observada diferença. A bebida do café independente da qualidade sensorial apresentou alto poder redutor e importante atividade sequestrante de radicais livres. A atividade sequestrante de radicais livres foi significativamente superior nas amostras obtidas a partir dos grãos torrados, quando comparados aos extratos dos grãos verdes. A torração, porém, reduziu o poder redutor das bebidas do café. Os dados obtidos permitem sugerir que, independente da classificação sensorial da bebida, o café apresenta expressiva capacidade sequestrante de radicais livres e poder redutor de metais.

The present work intended to evaluate the antioxidant potential of two coffee sorts (soft and river), green and roasted, in vitro. Phenolic compounds content, chlorogenic acid (5-cafeoyolquinic) and caffeine of the beverages were evaluated. In vitro evaluation of the antioxidant potential was investigated by DPPH radical scavenging assay and by reducing the power of metals. Both sorts of coffee did not present statistical differences for color, chlorogenic acid and caffeine. After roasting, 5-cafeoyolquinic acid levels decreased. River coffee beverage presented greater content of phenolics than the soft coffee beverage. In the roasted coffees no significant difference was observed. All sorts of coffee beverages presented high reducing ability and important scavenging activity of free radicals. The scavenging activity was higher in the roasted samples. The roast process decreased the reducing ability of the coffee beverage. Results allow suggesting that independent of the sort, coffee presents expressive antioxidant activity and reducing ability.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of coffee decaffeination with dichloromethane on the in vitro antioxidant activity of this matrix. It were determined the content of total phenolics, chlorogenic acid and caffeine of the coffee samples. The assessment of the antioxidant potential was investigated by DPPH radical scavenging method, reducer power and Fe2+chelation activity. The process of decaffeination and roasting caused changes in the levels of the compounds investigated. The results show that the decaffeination by the dichloromethane method reduces the in vitro antioxidant potential of coffee.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito da bebida filtrada, preparada com café-arábica descascado, sobre a peroxidação de lipídios, os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos in vivo. Para isso foram utilizados ratos que ingeriram 280 mg/kg/dia da bebida de café por 7 dias (tratamento agudo) e 30 dias (tratamento crônico). A fim de determinar se a bebida de café é capaz de reduzir o estresse oxidativo, foi analisada a peroxidação de lipídios isolados de cérebro de rato analisando-se as substâncias reativas do ácido tiobarbitúrico. A ingestão da bebida por 7 e 30 dias inibiu significativamente a peroxidação lipídica (p < 0,05 e p < 0,001), respectivamente, em comparação ao controle. No entanto, não houve diferença significativa entre a porcentagem de inibição da peroxidação quando foram comparados os tratamentos agudo (48,6%) e crônico (53,4%). A ingestão crônica de doses moderadas da bebida filtrada de café não produziu modificação significativa no nível plasmático dos parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos analisados. Os resultados indicam que a ingestão moderada de café filtrado pode ter efeito benéfico para a saúde, por inibir a peroxidação lipídica e não interferir nos níveis séricos de colesterol e triglicerídeos em ratos.

The aim of this study was to verify the effect of filtered coffee brew prepared with peeled Coffea arabica on the lipid peroxidation and on hematological and biochemical parameters in vivo. Rats were ingested 280 mg/kg/day of coffee brew for 7 days (acute treatment) and 30 days (chronic treatment). In order to determine whether coffee can reduce the oxidative stress, the rats brain isolated lipid peroxidation was accessed evaluating the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARs).The ingestion of coffee brew for 7 and 30 days inhibited, significantly, the malondialdehyde concentration (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001), respectively when compared to the control. However, there was no significantly difference (p > 0.05) between the percentage of peroxidation inhibition when the acute (48.6%) and chronic (53.4%) treatments were compared. The chronic ingestion of moderate doses of filtered coffee brew did not modify the plasma level of the hematological and biochemical parameters analyzed. The results indicate the beneficial health effect of moderated filtered coffee brew ingestion since it inhibited lipid peroxidation, but did not change the rats cholesterol and triacylglycerol plasma levels.

Há um crescente interesse em tecnologias que melhorem a qualidade dos alimentos, bem como o aspecto segurança alimentar. Após a água, o café é a bebida mais consumida no planeta, existindo uma demanda crescente por tipos especiais em alguns países importadores, como o café despolpado. Este tipo é obtido pela remoção da mucilagem, ao se submeter o café à fermentação, cujo processo varia com o clima e a microbiota associada, entre outros fatores, podendo levar ao detrimento da qualidade do produto e da saúde do consumidor. Assim, faz-se necessário investigar novas tecnologias que possam auxiliar na obtenção de produtos com melhor padronização, qualidade e que ofereçam maior segurança alimentar. O ozônio e o ultra-som são tecnologias usadas em diversas áreas, com grande flexibilidade e resultados promissores na obtenção e no tratamento de uma infinidade de alimentos. São conhecidas as potentes características oxidantes e microbicidas de ambos, mas seus mecanismos ainda não são bem esclarecidos quando utilizados em tecidos vivos. Seus efeitos sobre os vários parâmetros de qualidade devem ser estudados, compreendidos e ajustados, antes de serem utilizados em larga escala na indústria. No presente trabalho, foi aplicado o ozônio ou o ultra-som como tratamentos prévios à fermentação do café, demonstrando sua eficácia na melhoria da segurança alimentar do café despolpado, sem alteração perceptível da qualidade da bebida.

There is a growing interest in technologies that improve food quality, as well as food safety aspects. After water, coffee is the most consumed beverage in the planet, with a rising demand for special types, such as fermented coffee, in some importing countries. This type of coffee is obtained by removing the mucilage, submitting the coffee to fermentation, a process that varies with the climate and the associated natural micro-organisms, among other factors, and that can lead to detrimental effects to the quality of the product and to the health of consumers. Thus, it is necessary to investigate new technologies that can help obtain better standardized products, of higher quality and that offer greater food safety. Ozone and ultrasound are technologies used in various areas, with great flexibility and promising results in the production and treatment of an infinity of food products. The potent oxidant and antimicrobial characteristics of both are well-known, however, their mechanisms are still not clearly understood when used in live tissues. Their effects on the various quality parameters must be studied, understood and adjusted, before widespread use in the food industry. In the present paper, ozone or ultrasound were applied as pre-treatments before coffee fermentation, demonstrating their efficacy in improving food safety of the fermented coffee, without perceptible changes in the quality of the beverage.

The aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of processing (semi-dry and dry) and roasting (light, medium and dark) on the antioxidant activity of coffee brews, using tests to determine the reducing power and the DPPH scavenging, Fe+2 chelating and lipid peroxidation inhibition activities. All of the coffee brews presented concentration-dependent antioxidant activity. The light coffee samples presented the higher reducing power and DPPH scavenging activity. Its ion chelating capacity was similar to the medium samples, but was less than the green coffee chelating capacity. The semi-dry processing was more efficient than the dry processing only for the reducing power. All of the samples presented high lipid peroxidation inhibition activity. Based on the results the degree of coffee roasting seems to be more important than the processing to determine the antioxidant activity of brews.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do processamento e grau de torração sobre a atividade antioxidante da bebida de café. Foram analisadas bebidas preparadas com café nos graus de torração claro, médio e escuro. Foram determinados o pH, o conteúdo de sólidos totais, o conteúdo de polifenóis, o conteúdo de substâncias redutoras e o conteúdo de ácidos clorogênicos. Além disto, foram analisadas a atividade antioxidante dos extratos aquosos, a descoloração do guaiacol e a capacidade de inibição da formação de peróxidos lipídicos. A atividade antioxidante mostrou ser dependente da concentração da bebida de café. Foi observada redução progressiva da atividade antioxidante e de compostos fenólicos com o grau de torração. O café submetido à torra clara apresentou atividade antioxidante máxima e o café com maior grau de torra apresentou a menor atividade antioxidante. Os resultados indicam que a ingestão de bebidas preparadas com cafés de torras clara e média pode proteger a célula contra os efeitos do estresse oxidativo.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of processing and roasting on the antioxidant activity of coffee brews. Brews prepared with light, medium and dark roasted coffees were analyzed. The pH, total solids content, polyphenols content, reducing substances and chlorogenic acids content were determined. The antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts, the guaicol decolorizing and the capacity to inhibit lipid peroxidation were also analyzed. The antioxidant activity of coffee brews were concentration-dependent. A progressive antioxidant activity and polyphenols content was observed decreasing with roasting. The light roasted coffee showed the highest antioxidant activity and dark roasted coffee showed the lowest antioxidant activity. The results indicate that the ingestion of coffee brews prepared with light and medium roasted coffees might protect cells from oxidative stress damages.